In ecology, what does the term 'succession' refer to?

Succession in ecology specifically refers to the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. This gradual process occurs in a predictable sequence and can take place in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. It typically begins with pioneer species colonizing an area, which may eventually lead to a more mature and stable community, often characterized by greater biodiversity.

This definition aligns well with the concept of environmental change over time, as succession illustrates how communities evolve in response to changing conditions, disturbances, or the creation of new habitats. For instance, after a forest fire, an area may undergo primary succession, starting with lichens and mosses and eventually leading to a mature forest.

The other concepts listed—population fluctuation, species extinction, and resource allocation—do not encapsulate the ongoing process of community changes and the sequential development of ecosystems that characterize ecological succession. Each of those terms pertains to different ecological dynamics that do not fully capture the essence of how ecological communities mature and adapt over time.